This new standard is an ERC-20 compatible token with restrictions that comply with the following Swiss laws: the Stock Exchange Act, the Banking Act, the Financial Market Infrastructure Act, the Act on Collective Investment Schemes and the Anti-Money Laundering Act. The Financial Services Act and the Financial Institutions Act must also be considered. The solution achieved meet also the European jurisdiction.
This new standard meets the new era of asset tokens (known also as "security tokens"). These new methods manage securities ownership during issuance and trading. The issuer is the only role that can manage a white-listing and the only one that is allowed to execute “freeze” or “revoke” functions.
In its ICO guidance dated February 16, 2018, FINMA (Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority) defines asset tokens as tokens representing assets and/or relative rights (FINMA ICO Guidelines). It explicitly mentions that asset tokens are analogous to and can economically represent shares, bonds, or derivatives. The long list of relevant financial market laws mentioned above reveal that we need more methods than with Payment and Utility Token.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.
The words "asset tokens" and "security tokens" can be considered synonymous.
Every ERC-2980 compliant contract MUST implement the ERC-2980 interface.
The ERC-2980 extends ERC-20. Due to the indivisible nature of asset tokens, the decimals number MUST be zero.
The accomplishment of the Swiss Law requirements is achieved by the use of two distinct lists of address: the Whitelist and the Frozenlist. Addresses can be added to one or the other list at any time by operators with special privileges, called Issuers, and described below. Although these lists may look similar, they differ for the following reasons: the Whitelist members are the only ones who can receive tokens from other addresses. There is no restriction on the possibility that these addresses can transfer the tokens already in their ownership. This can occur when an address, present in the Whitelist, is removed from this list, without however being put in the Frozenlist and remaining in possession of its tokens. On the other hand, the addresses assigned to the Frozenlist, as suggested by the name itself, have to be considered "frozen", so they cannot either receive tokens or send tokens to anyone.
Below is an example interface for the implementation of a whitelist-compatible and a frozenlist-compratible contract.
A key role is played by the Issuer. This figure has the permission to manage Whitelists and Frozenlists, to revoke tokens and reassign them and to transfer the role to another address. No restrictions on the possibility to have more than one Issuer per contract. Issuers are nominated by the Owner of the contract, who also is in charge of remove the role. The possibility of nominating the Owner itself as Issuer at the time of contract creation (or immediately after) is not excluded.
Below is an example interface for the implementation of the Issuer functionalities.
Revoke and Reassign methods allow Issuers to move tokens from addresses, even if they are in the Frozenlist. The Revoke method transfers the entire balance of the target address to the Issuer who invoked the method. The Reassign method transfers the entire balance of the target address to another address. These rights for these operations MUST be allowed only to Issuers.
Below is an example interface for the implementation of the Revoke and Reassign functionalities.
There are currently no token standards that expressly facilitate conformity to securities law and related regulations. EIP-1404 (Simple Restricted Token Standard) it’s not enough to address FINMA requirements around re-issuing securities to Investors. In Swiss law, an issuer must eventually enforce the restrictions of their token transfer with a “freeze” function. The token must be “revocable”, and we need to apply a white-list method for AML/KYC checks.
This EIP does not introduce backward incompatibilities and is backward compatible with the older ERC-20 token standard. This standard allows the implementation of ERC-20 functions transfer, transferFrom, approve and allowance alongside to make a token fully compatible with ERC-20. The token MAY implement decimals() for backward compatibility with ERC-20. If implemented, it MUST always return 0.
The security considerations mainly concern the role played by the Issuers. This figure, in fact, is not generally present in common ERC-20 tokens but has very powerful rights that allow him to move tokens without being in possession and freeze other addresses, preventing them from transferring tokens. It must be the responsibility of the owner to ensure that the addresses that receive this charge remain in possession of it only for the time for which they have been designated to do so, thus preventing any abuse.
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