ERC-4337: Account Abstraction Using Alt Mempool

Abstract

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An account abstraction proposal which completely avoids the need for consensus-layer protocol changes. Instead of adding new protocol features and changing the bottom-layer transaction type, this proposal instead introduces a higher-layer pseudo-transaction object called a UserOperation. Users send UserOperation objects into a separate mempool. A special class of actor called bundlers package up a set of these objects into a transaction making a handleOps call to a special contract, and that transaction then gets included in a block.

Motivation

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See also https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/implementing-account-abstraction-as-part-of-eth1-x/4020 and the links therein for historical work and motivation, and EIP-2938 for a consensus layer proposal for implementing the same goal.

This proposal takes a different approach, avoiding any adjustments to the consensus layer. It seeks to achieve the following goals:

• Achieve the key goal of account abstraction: allow users to use smart contract wallets containing arbitrary verification logic instead of EOAs as their primary account. Completely remove any need at all for users to also have EOAs (as status quo SC wallets and EIP-3074 both require)
• Decentralization
  • Allow any bundler (think: block builder) to participate in the process of including account-abstracted user operations
  • Work with all activity happening over a public mempool; users do not need to know the direct communication addresses (eg. IP, onion) of any specific actors
  • Avoid trust assumptions on bundlers
• Do not require any Ethereum consensus changes: Ethereum consensus layer development is focusing on the merge and later on scalability-oriented features, and there may not be any opportunity for further protocol changes for a long time. Hence, to increase the chance of faster adoption, this proposal avoids Ethereum consensus changes.
• Try to support other use cases
  • Privacy-preserving applications
  • Atomic multi-operations (similar goal to [EIP-3074])
  • Pay tx fees with ERC-20 tokens, allow developers to pay fees for their users, and [EIP-3074]-like sponsored transaction use cases more generally

Specification

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Definitions

• UserOperation - a structure that describes a transaction to be sent on behalf of a user. To avoid confusion, it is not named "transaction".
  • Like a transaction, it contains "sender", "to", "calldata", "maxFeePerGas", "maxPriorityFee", "signature", "nonce"
  • unlike a transaction, it contains several other fields, described below
  • also, the "signature" field usage is not defined by the protocol, but by each account implementation
• Sender - the account contract sending a user operation.
• EntryPoint - a singleton contract to execute bundles of UserOperations. Bundlers/Clients whitelist the supported entrypoint.
• Bundler - a node (block builder) that can handle UserOperations, create a valid an EntryPoint.handleOps() transaction, and add it to the block while it is still valid. This can be achieved by a number of ways:
  • Bundler can act as a block builder itself
  • If the bundler is not a block builder, it MUST work with the block building infrastructure such as mev-boost or other kind of PBS (proposer-builder separation)
  • The bundler can also rely on an experimental eth_sendRawTransactionConditional RPC API if it is available.
• Paymaster - a helper contract that agrees to pay for the transaction, instead of the sender itself.

UserOperation

To avoid Ethereum consensus changes, we do not attempt to create new transaction types for account-abstracted transactions. Instead, users package up the action they want their account to take in a struct named UserOperation:

Field	Type	Description
sender	address	The account making the operation
nonce	uint256	Anti-replay parameter (see "Semi-abstracted Nonce Support" )
factory	address	account factory, only for new accounts
factoryData	bytes	data for account factory (only if account factory exists)
callData	bytes	The data to pass to the sender during the main execution call
callGasLimit	uint256	The amount of gas to allocate the main execution call
verificationGasLimit	uint256	The amount of gas to allocate for the verification step
preVerificationGas	uint256	Extra gas to pay the bunder
maxFeePerGas	uint256	Maximum fee per gas (similar to EIP-1559 max_fee_per_gas)
maxPriorityFeePerGas	uint256	Maximum priority fee per gas (similar to EIP-1559 max_priority_fee_per_gas)
paymaster	address	Address of paymaster contract, (or empty, if account pays for itself)
paymasterVerificationGasLimit	uint256	The amount of gas to allocate for the paymaster validation code
paymasterPostOpGasLimit	uint256	The amount of gas to allocate for the paymaster post-operation code
paymasterData	bytes	Data for paymaster (only if paymaster exists)
signature	bytes	Data passed into the account to verify authorization

Users send UserOperation objects to a dedicated user operation mempool. They are not concerned with the packed version. A specialized class of actors called bundlers (either block builders running special-purpose code, or users that can relay transactions to block builders eg. through a bundle marketplace such as Flashbots that can guarantee next-block-or-never inclusion) listen in on the user operation mempool, and create bundle transactions. A bundle transaction packages up multiple UserOperation objects into a single handleOps call to a pre-published global entry point contract.

To prevent replay attacks (both cross-chain and multiple EntryPoint implementations), the signature should depend on chainid and the EntryPoint address.

EntryPoint definition

When passed to on-chain contacts (the EntryPoint contract, and then to the account and paymaster), a packed version of the above structure is used:

Field	Type	Description
sender	address
nonce	uint256
initCode	bytes	concatenation of factory address and factoryData (or empty)
callData	bytes
accountGasLimits	bytes32	concatenation of verificationGas (16 bytes) and callGas (16 bytes)
preVerificationGas	uint256
gasFees	bytes32	concatenation of maxPriorityFee (16 bytes) and maxFeePerGas (16 bytes)
paymasterAndData	bytes	concatenation of paymaster fields (or empty)
signature	bytes

The core interface of the entry point contract is as follows:

Account Contract Interface

The core interface required for an account to have is:

The userOpHash is a hash over the userOp (except signature), entryPoint and chainId.

The account:

• MUST validate the caller is a trusted EntryPoint
• MUST validate that the signature is a valid signature of the userOpHash, and SHOULD return SIG_VALIDATION_FAILED (and not revert) on signature mismatch. Any other error MUST revert.
• MUST pay the entryPoint (caller) at least the "missingAccountFunds" (which might be zero, in case the current account's deposit is high enough)
• The account MAY pay more than this minimum, to cover future transactions (it can always issue withdrawTo to retrieve it)
• The return value MUST be packed of authorizer, validUntil and validAfter timestamps.
  • authorizer - 0 for valid signature, 1 to mark signature failure. Otherwise, an address of an authorizer contract, as defined in ERC-7766.
  • validUntil is 6-byte timestamp value, or zero for "infinite". The UserOp is valid only up to this time.
  • validAfter is 6-byte timestamp. The UserOp is valid only after this time.

The account MAY implement the interface IAccountExecute

This method will be called by the entryPoint with the current UserOperation, instead of executing the callData itself on the account.

Semi-abstracted Nonce Support

In Ethereum protocol, the sequential transaction nonce value is used as a replay protection method as well as to determine the valid order of transaction being included in blocks.

It also contributes to the transaction hash uniqueness, as a transaction by the same sender with the same nonce may not be included in the chain twice.

However, requiring a single sequential nonce value is limiting the senders' ability to define their custom logic with regard to transaction ordering and replay protection.

Instead of sequential nonce we implement a nonce mechanism that uses a single uint256 nonce value in the UserOperation, but treats it as two values:

• 192-bit "key"
• 64-bit "sequence"

These values are represented on-chain in the EntryPoint contract. We define the following method in the EntryPoint interface to expose these values:

For each key the sequence is validated and incremented sequentially and monotonically by the EntryPoint for each UserOperation, however a new key can be introduced with an arbitrary value at any point.

This approach maintains the guarantee of UserOperation hash uniqueness on-chain on the protocol level while allowing wallets to implement any custom logic they may need operating on a 192-bit "key" field, while fitting the 32 byte word.

Reading and validating the nonce

When preparing the UserOp clients may make a view call to this method to determine a valid value for the nonce field.

Bundler's validation of a UserOp should start with getNonce to ensure the transaction has a valid nonce field.

If the bundler is willing to accept multiple UserOperations by the same sender into their mempool, this bundler is supposed to track the key and sequence pair of the UserOperations already added in the mempool.

Usage examples

1. Classic sequential nonce.

   In order to require the wallet to have classic, sequential nonce, the validation function should perform:

2. Ordered administrative events

   In some cases, an account may need to have an "administrative" channel of operations running in parallel to normal operations.

   In this case, the account may use a specific key when calling methods on the account itself:

Required entry point contract functionality

The entry point method is handleOps, which handles an array of userOps

The entry point's handleOps function must perform the following steps (we first describe the simpler non-paymaster case). It must make two loops, the verification loop and the execution loop. In the verification loop, the handleOps call must perform the following steps for each UserOperation:

• Create the account if it does not yet exist, using the initcode provided in the UserOperation. If the account does not exist, and the initcode is empty, or does not deploy a contract at the "sender" address, the call must fail.
• calculate the maximum possible fee the account needs to pay (based on validation and call gas limits, and current gas values)
• calculate the fee the account must add to its "deposit" in the EntryPoint
• Call validateUserOp on the account, passing in the UserOperation, its hash and the required fee. The account should verify the operation's signature, and pay the fee if the account considers the operation valid. If any validateUserOp call fails, handleOps must skip execution of at least that operation, and may revert entirely.
• Validate the account's deposit in the entryPoint is high enough to cover the max possible cost (cover the already-done verification and max execution gas)

In the execution loop, the handleOps call must perform the following steps for each UserOperation:

• Call the account with the UserOperation's calldata. It's up to the account to choose how to parse the calldata; an expected workflow is for the account to have an execute function that parses the remaining calldata as a series of one or more calls that the account should make.
• If the calldata starts with the methodsig IAccountExecute.executeUserOp, then the EntryPoint must build a calldata by encoding executeUserOp(userOp,userOpHash) and call the account using that calldata.
• After the call, refund the account's deposit with the excess gas cost that was pre-charged.
  A penalty of 10% (UNUSED_GAS_PENALTY_PERCENT) is applied on the amounts of callGasLimit and paymasterPostOpGasLimit gas that remains unused.
  This penalty is necessary to prevent the UserOps from reserving large parts of the gas space in the bundle but leaving it unused and preventing the bundler from including other UserOperations.
• After the execution of all calls, pay the collected fees from all UserOperations to the bundler's provided address

Before accepting a UserOperation, bundlers should use an RPC method to locally call the simulateValidation function on the entry point, to verify that the signature is correct and the operation actually pays fees; see the Simulation section below for details. A node/bundler SHOULD drop (not add to the mempool) a UserOperation that fails the validation

Extension: paymasters

We extend the entry point logic to support paymasters that can sponsor transactions for other users. This feature can be used to allow application developers to subsidize fees for their users, allow users to pay fees with [ERC-20] tokens and many other use cases. When the paymasterAndData field in the UserOp is not empty, the entry point implements a different flow for that UserOperation:

During the verification loop, in addition to calling validateUserOp, the handleOps execution also must check that the paymaster has enough ETH deposited with the entry point to pay for the operation, and then call validatePaymasterUserOp on the paymaster to verify that the paymaster is willing to pay for the operation. Note that in this case, the validateUserOp is called with a missingAccountFunds of 0 to reflect that the account's deposit is not used for payment for this userOp.

If the paymaster's validatePaymasterUserOp returns a "context", then handleOps must call postOp on the paymaster after making the main execution call.

Maliciously crafted paymasters can DoS the system. To prevent this, we use a reputation system. paymaster must either limit its storage usage, or have a stake. see the reputation, throttling and banning section for details.

The paymaster interface is as follows:

The EntryPoint must implement the following API to let entities like paymasters have a stake, and thus have more flexibility in their storage access (see reputation, throttling and banning section for details.)

The paymaster must also have a deposit, which the entry point will charge UserOperation costs from. The deposit (for paying gas fees) is separate from the stake (which is locked).

The EntryPoint must implement the following interface to allow paymasters (and optionally accounts) to manage their deposit:

Client behavior upon receiving a UserOperation

When a client receives a UserOperation, it must first run some basic sanity checks, namely that:

• Either the sender is an existing contract, or the initCode is not empty (but not both)
• If initCode is not empty, parse its first 20 bytes as a factory address. Record whether the factory is staked, in case the later simulation indicates that it needs to be. If the factory accesses the global state, it must be staked - see reputation, throttling and banning section for details.
• The verificationGasLimit is sufficiently low (<= MAX_VERIFICATION_GAS) and the preVerificationGas is sufficiently high (enough to pay for the calldata gas cost of serializing the UserOperation plus PRE_VERIFICATION_OVERHEAD_GAS)
• The paymasterAndData is either empty, or starts with the paymaster address, which is a contract that (i) currently has nonempty code on chain, (ii) has a sufficient deposit to pay for the UserOperation, and (iii) is not currently banned. During simulation, the paymaster's stake is also checked, depending on its storage usage - see reputation, throttling and banning section for details.
• The callgas is at least the cost of a CALL with non-zero value.
• The maxFeePerGas and maxPriorityFeePerGas are above a configurable minimum value that the client is willing to accept. At the minimum, they are sufficiently high to be included with the current block.basefee.
• The sender doesn't have another UserOperation already present in the pool (or it replaces an existing entry with the same sender and nonce, with a higher maxPriorityFeePerGas and an equally increased maxFeePerGas). Only one UserOperation per sender may be included in a single batch. A sender is exempt from this rule and may have multiple UserOperations in the pool and in a batch if it is staked (see reputation, throttling and banning section below), but this exception is of limited use to normal accounts.

If the UserOperation object passes these sanity checks, the client must next run the first op simulation, and if the simulation succeeds, the client must add the op to the pool. A second simulation must also happen during bundling to make sure the UserOperation is still valid.

Simulation

Simulation Rationale

To add a UserOperation into the mempool (and later to add it into a bundle) we need to "simulate" its validation to make sure it is valid, and that it pays for its own execution. In addition, we need to verify that the same will hold true when executed on-chain. For this purpose, a UserOperation is not allowed to access any information that might change between simulation and execution, such as current block time, number, hash etc. In addition, a UserOperation is only allowed to access data related to this sender address: Multiple UserOperations should not access the same storage, so it is impossible to invalidate a large number of UserOperations with a single state change. There are 2 special entity contracts that interact with the account: the factory (initCode) that deploys the contract, and the paymaster that can pay for the gas. Each of these contracts is also restricted in its storage access, to make sure UserOperation validations are isolated.

Simulation Specification:

To simulate a UserOperation validation, the client makes a view call to simulateValidation(userop).

The EntryPoint itself does not implement the simulation methods. Instead, when making the simulation view call, The bundler should provide the alternate EntryPointSimulations code, which extends the EntryPoint with the simulation methods.

The simulation core methods:

The AggregatorStakeInfo structure is further defined in ERC-7766.

This method returns ValidationResult or revert on validation failure. The node should drop the UserOperation if the simulation fails (either by revert or by "signature failure")

The simulated call performs the full validation, by calling:

1. If initCode is present, create the account.
2. account.validateUserOp.
3. if specified a paymaster: paymaster.validatePaymasterUserOp.

The simulateValidation should validate the return value (validationData) returned by the account's validateUserOp and paymaster's validatePaymasterUserOp. The paymaster MUST return either "0" (success) or SIG_VALIDATION_FAILED. Either return value may contain a "validAfter" and "validUntil" timestamps, which is the time-range that this UserOperation is valid on-chain. A node MAY drop a UserOperation if it expires too soon (e.g. wouldn't make it to the next block) by either the account or paymaster. If the ValidationResult includes sigFail, the client SHOULD drop the UserOperation.

To prevent DoS attacks on bundlers, they must make sure the validation methods above pass the validation rules, which constrain their usage of opcodes and storage. For the complete procedure see ERC-7562

Alternative Mempools

The simulation rules above are strict and prevent the ability of paymasters to grief the system. However, there might be use cases where specific paymasters can be validated (through manual auditing) and verified that they cannot cause any problem, while still require relaxing of the opcode rules. A bundler cannot simply "whitelist" a request from a specific paymaster: if that paymaster is not accepted by all bundlers, then its support will be sporadic at best. Instead, we introduce the term "alternate mempool": a modified validation rules, and procedure of propagating them to other bundlers.

The procedure of using alternate mempools is defined in ERC-7562

Bundling

Bundling is the process where a node/bundler collects multiple UserOperations and creates a single transaction to submit on-chain.

During bundling, the bundler should:

• Exclude UserOps that access any sender address of another UserOp in the same batch.
• Exclude UserOps that access any address created by another UserOp validation in the same batch (via a factory).
• For each paymaster used in the batch, keep track of the balance while adding UserOps. Ensure that it has sufficient deposit to pay for all the UserOps that use it.

After creating the batch, before including the transaction in a block, the bundler should:

• Run debug_traceCall with maximum possible gas, to enforce the validation rules on opcode and storage access, as well as to verify the entire handleOps batch transaction, and use the consumed gas for the actual transaction execution.
• If the call reverted, the bundler MUST use the trace result to find the entity that reverted the call.
  This is the last entity that is CALL'ed by the EntryPoint prior to the revert.
  (the bundler cannot assume the revert is FailedOp)
• If any verification context rule was violated the bundlers should treat it the same as if this UserOperation reverted.
• Remove the offending UserOperation from the current bundle and from mempool.
• If the error is caused by a factory or a paymaster, and the sender of the UserOp is not a staked entity, then issue a "ban" (see "Reputation, throttling and banning") for the guilty factory or paymaster.
• If the error is caused by a factory or a paymaster, and the sender of the UserOp is a staked entity, do not ban the factory / paymaster from the mempool. Instead, issue a "ban" for the staked sender entity.
• Repeat until debug_traceCall succeeds.

As staked entries may use some kind of transient storage to communicate data between UserOperations in the same bundle, it is critical that the exact same opcode and precompile banning rules as well as storage access rules are enforced for the handleOps validation in its entirety as for individual UserOperations. Otherwise, attackers may be able to use the banned opcodes to detect running on-chain and trigger a FailedOp revert.

When a bundler includes a bundle in a block it must ensure that earlier transactions in the block don't make any UserOperation fail. It should either use access lists to prevent conflicts, or place the bundle as the first transaction in the block.

Error codes.

While performing validation, the EntryPoint must revert on failures. During simulation, the calling bundler MUST be able to determine which entity (factory, account or paymaster) caused the failure. The attribution of a revert to an entity is done using call-tracing: the last entity called by the EntryPoint prior to the revert is the entity that caused the revert.

• For diagnostic purposes, the EntryPoint must only revert with explicit FailedOp() or FailedOpWithRevert() errors.
• The message of the error starts with event code, AA##
• Event code starting with "AA1" signifies an error during account creation
• Event code starting with "AA2" signifies an error during account validation (validateUserOp)
• Event code starting with "AA3" signifies an error during paymaster validation (validatePaymasterUserOp)

Rationale

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The main challenge with a purely smart contract wallet-based account abstraction system is DoS safety: how can a block builder including an operation make sure that it will actually pay fees, without having to first execute the entire operation? Requiring the block builder to execute the entire operation opens a DoS attack vector, as an attacker could easily send many operations that pretend to pay a fee but then revert at the last moment after a long execution. Similarly, to prevent attackers from cheaply clogging the mempool, nodes in the P2P network need to check if an operation will pay a fee before they are willing to forward it.

The first step is a clean separation between validation (acceptance of UserOperation, and acceptance to pay) and execution. In this proposal, we expect accounts to have a validateUserOp method that takes as input a UserOperation, verifies the signature and pays the fee. Only if this method returns successfully, the execution will happen.

The entry point-based approach allows for a clean separation between verification and execution, and keeps accounts' logic simple. It enforces the simple rule that only after validation is successful (and the UserOp can pay), the execution is done, and also guarantees the fee payment.

Validation Rules Rationale

The next step is protecting the bundlers from denial-of-service attacks by a mass number of UserOperations that appear to be valid (and pay) but that eventually revert, and thus block the bundler from processing valid UserOperations.

There are two types of UserOperations that can fail validation:

1. UserOperations that succeed in initial validation (and accepted into the mempool), but rely on the environment state to fail later when attempting to include them in a block.
2. UserOperations that are valid when checked independently, by fail when bundled together to be put on-chain. To prevent such rogue UserOperations, the bundler is required to follow a set of restrictions on the validation function, to prevent such denial-of-service attacks.

Reputation Rationale.

UserOperation's storage access rules prevent them from interfering with each other. But "global" entities - paymasters and factories are accessed by multiple UserOperations, and thus might invalidate multiple previously valid UserOperations.

To prevent abuse, we throttle down (or completely ban for a period of time) an entity that causes invalidation of a large number of UserOperations in the mempool. To prevent such entities from "Sybil-attack", we require them to stake with the system, and thus make such DoS attack very expensive. Note that this stake is never slashed, and can be withdrawn at any time (after unstake delay)

Unstaked entities are allowed, under the rules below.

When staked, an entity is less restricted in its memory usage.

The stake value is not enforced on-chain, but specifically by each node while simulating a transaction.

Reputation scoring and throttling/banning for global entities

[ERC-7562] defines a set of rules a bundler must follow when accepting UserOperations into the mempool. It also descrbies the "reputation"

Paymasters

Paymaster contracts allow the abstraction of gas: having a contract, that is not the sender of the transaction, to pay for the transaction fees.

Paymaster architecture allows them to follow the model of "pre-charge, and later refund". E.g. a token-paymaster may pre-charge the user with the max possible price of the transaction, and refund the user with the excess afterwards.

First-time account creation

It is an important design goal of this proposal to replicate the key property of EOAs that users do not need to perform some custom action or rely on an existing user to create their wallet; they can simply generate an address locally and immediately start accepting funds.

The wallet creation itself is done by a "factory" contract, with wallet-specific data. The factory is expected to use CREATE2 (not CREATE) to create the wallet, so that the order of creation of wallets doesn't interfere with the generated addresses. The initCode field (if non-zero length) is parsed as a 20-byte address, followed by "calldata" to pass to this address. This method call is expected to create a wallet and return its address. If the factory does use CREATE2 or some other deterministic method to create the wallet, it's expected to return the wallet address even if the wallet has already been created. This comes to make it easier for clients to query the address without knowing if the wallet has already been deployed, by simulating a call to entryPoint.getSenderAddress(), which calls the factory under the hood. When initCode is specified, if either the sender address points to an existing contract, or (after calling the initCode) the sender address still does not exist, then the operation is aborted. The initCode MUST NOT be called directly from the entryPoint, but from another address. The contract created by this factory method should accept a call to validateUserOp to validate the UserOp's signature. For security reasons, it is important that the generated contract address will depend on the initial signature. This way, even if someone can create a wallet at that address, he can't set different credentials to control it. The factory has to be staked if it accesses global storage - see reputation, throttling and banning section for details.

NOTE: In order for the wallet to determine the "counterfactual" address of the wallet (prior to its creation), it should make a static call to the entryPoint.getSenderAddress()

Entry point upgrading

Accounts are encouraged to be DELEGATECALL forwarding contracts for gas efficiency and to allow account upgradability. The account code is expected to hard-code the entry point into their code for gas efficiency. If a new entry point is introduced, whether to add new functionality, improve gas efficiency, or fix a critical security bug, users can self-call to replace their account's code address with a new code address containing code that points to a new entry point. During an upgrade process, it's expected that two mempools will run in parallel.

RPC methods (eth namespace)

* eth_sendUserOperation

eth_sendUserOperation submits a User Operation object to the User Operation pool of the client. The client MUST validate the UserOperation, and return a result accordingly.

The result SHOULD be set to the userOpHash if and only if the request passed simulation and was accepted in the client's User Operation pool. If the validation, simulation, or User Operation pool inclusion fails, result SHOULD NOT be returned. Rather, the client SHOULD return the failure reason.

Parameters:

1. UserOperation a full user-operation struct. All fields MUST be set as hex values. empty bytes block (e.g. empty initCode) MUST be set to "0x"
2. factory and factoryData - either both exist, or none
3. paymaster fields (paymaster, paymasterData, paymasterValidationGasLimit, paymasterPostOpGasLimit) either all exist, or none.
4. EntryPoint the entrypoint address the request should be sent through. this MUST be one of the entry points returned by the supportedEntryPoints rpc call.

Return value:

• If the UserOperation is valid, the client MUST return the calculated userOpHash for it
• in case of failure, MUST return an error result object, with code and message. The error code and message SHOULD be set as follows:
  • The message field MUST be set to the FailedOp's "AAxx" error message from the EntryPoint
  • The message field SHOULD be set to the revert message from the paymaster
  • The data field MUST contain a paymaster value
  • The data field SHOULD contain the validUntil and validAfter values
  • The data field SHOULD contain a paymaster value, if this error was triggered by the paymaster
  • The data field SHOULD contain a paymaster value, depending on the failed entity
  • The data field SHOULD contain a paymaster value, depending on the failed entity
  • The data field SHOULD contain a minimumStake and minimumUnstakeDelay

Example:

Request:

Response:

Example failure responses:

* eth_estimateUserOperationGas

Estimate the gas values for a UserOperation. Given UserOperation optionally without gas limits and gas prices, return the needed gas limits. The signature field is ignored by the wallet, so that the operation will not require the user's approval. Still, it might require putting a "semi-valid" signature (e.g. a signature in the right length)

Parameters:

• Same as eth_sendUserOperation
  gas limits (and prices) parameters are optional, but are used if specified. maxFeePerGas and maxPriorityFeePerGas default to zero, so no payment is required by neither account nor paymaster.
• Optionally accepts the State Override Set to allow users to modify the state during the gas estimation.
  This field as well as its behavior is equivalent to the ones defined for eth_call RPC method.

Return Values:

• preVerificationGas gas overhead of this UserOperation
• verificationGasLimit estimation of gas limit required by the validation of this UserOperation
• paymasterVerificationGasLimit estimation of gas limit required by the paymaster verification, if the UserOperation defines a Paymaster address
• callGasLimit estimation of gas limit required by the inner account execution

Note: actual postOpGasLimit cannot be reliably estimated. Paymasters should provide this value to account, and require that specific value on-chain.

Error Codes:

Same as eth_sendUserOperation This operation may also return an error if either the inner call to the account contract reverts, or paymaster's postOp call reverts.

* eth_getUserOperationByHash

Return a UserOperation based on a hash (userOpHash) returned by eth_sendUserOperation

Parameters

• hash a userOpHash value returned by eth_sendUserOperation

Return value:

• If the UserOperation is included in a block:

  • Return a full UserOperation, with the addition of entryPoint, blockNumber, blockHash and transactionHash.

• Else if the UserOperation is pending in the bundler's mempool:

  • MAY return null, or: a full UserOperation, with the addition of the entryPoint field and a null value for blockNumber, blockHash and transactionHash.

• Else:

  • Return null

* eth_getUserOperationReceipt

Return a UserOperation receipt based on a hash (userOpHash) returned by eth_sendUserOperation

Parameters

• hash a userOpHash value returned by eth_sendUserOperation

Return value:

null in case the UserOperation is not yet included in a block, or:

• userOpHash the request hash
• entryPoint
• sender
• nonce
• paymaster the paymaster used for this userOp (or empty)
• actualGasCost - the actual amount paid (by account or paymaster) for this UserOperation
• actualGasUsed - total gas used by this UserOperation (including preVerification, creation, validation and execution)
• success boolean - did this execution completed without a revert
• reason in case of revert, this is the revert reason
• logs the logs generated by this UserOperation (not including logs of other UserOperations in the same bundle)
• receipt the TransactionReceipt object. Note that the returned TransactionReceipt is for the entire bundle, not only for this UserOperation.

* eth_supportedEntryPoints

Returns an array of the entryPoint addresses supported by the client. The first element of the array SHOULD be the entryPoint addressed preferred by the client.

* eth_chainId

Returns EIP-155 Chain ID.

RPC methods (debug Namespace)

This api must only be available in testing mode and is required by the compatibility test suite. In production, any debug_* rpc calls should be blocked.

* debug_bundler_clearState

Clears the bundler mempool and reputation data of paymasters/accounts/factories.

* debug_bundler_dumpMempool

Dumps the current UserOperations mempool

Parameters:

• EntryPoint the entrypoint used by eth_sendUserOperation

Returns:

array - Array of UserOperations currently in the mempool.

* debug_bundler_sendBundleNow

Forces the bundler to build and execute a bundle from the mempool as handleOps() transaction.

Returns: transactionHash

* debug_bundler_setBundlingMode

Sets bundling mode.

After setting mode to "manual", an explicit call to debug_bundler_sendBundleNow is required to send a bundle.

parameters:

mode - 'manual' | 'auto'

* debug_bundler_setReputation

Sets the reputation of given addresses. parameters:

Parameters:

• An array of reputation entries to add/replace, with the fields:

  • address - The address to set the reputation for.
  • opsSeen - number of times a user operations with that entity was seen and added to the mempool
  • opsIncluded - number of times user operations that use this entity was included on-chain

• EntryPoint the entrypoint used by eth_sendUserOperation

* debug_bundler_dumpReputation

Returns the reputation data of all observed addresses. Returns an array of reputation objects, each with the fields described above in debug_bundler_setReputation with the

Parameters:

• EntryPoint the entrypoint used by eth_sendUserOperation

Return value:

An array of reputation entries with the fields:

• address - The address to set the reputation for.
• opsSeen - number of times a user operations with that entity was seen and added to the mempool
• opsIncluded - number of times user operation that use this entity was included on-chain
• status - (string) The status of the address in the bundler 'ok' | 'throttled' | 'banned'.

* debug_bundler_addUserOps

Accept UserOperations into the mempool. Assume the given UserOperations all pass validation (without actually validating them), and accept them directly into the mempool

Parameters:

• An array of UserOperations

Backwards Compatibility

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This ERC does not change the consensus layer, so there are no backwards compatibility issues for Ethereum as a whole. Unfortunately it is not easily compatible with pre-ERC-4337 accounts, because those accounts do not have a validateUserOp function. If the account has a function for authorizing a trusted op submitter, then this could be fixed by creating an ERC-4337 compatible account that re-implements the verification logic as a wrapper and setting it to be the original account's trusted op submitter.

Reference Implementation

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See https://github.com/eth-infinitism/account-abstraction/tree/main/contracts

Security Considerations

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The entry point contract will need to be very heavily audited and formally verified, because it will serve as a central trust point for all [ERC-4337]. In total, this architecture reduces auditing and formal verification load for the ecosystem, because the amount of work that individual accounts have to do becomes much smaller (they need only verify the validateUserOp function and its "check signature and pay fees" logic) and check that other functions are msg.sender == ENTRY_POINT gated (perhaps also allowing msg.sender == self), but it is nevertheless the case that this is done precisely by concentrating security risk in the entry point contract that needs to be verified to be very robust.

Verification would need to cover two primary claims (not including claims needed to protect paymasters, and claims needed to establish p2p-level DoS resistance):

• Safety against arbitrary hijacking: The entry point only calls an account generically if validateUserOp to that specific account has passed (and with op.calldata equal to the generic call's calldata)
• Safety against fee draining: If the entry point calls validateUserOp and passes, it also must make the generic call with calldata equal to op.calldata

Copyright

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Copyright and related rights waived via CC0.