Provide an efficient EVM instruction for copying memory areas.
Memory copying is a basic operation, yet implementing it on the EVM comes with overhead.
This was recognised and alleviated early on with the introduction of the "identity" precompile, which accomplishes
memory copying by the use of CALL's input and output memory offsets. Its cost is 15 + 3 * (length / 32) gas, plus
the call overhead. The identity precompile was rendered ineffective by the raise of the cost of CALL to 700, but subsequently
the reduction by EIP-2929 made it slightly more economical.
Copying exact words can be accomplished with <offset> MLOAD <offset> MSTORE or <offset> DUP1 MLOAD DUP2 MSTORE,
at a cost of at least 12 gas per word. This is fairly efficient if the offsets are known upfront and the copying can be unrolled.
In case copying is implemented at runtime with arbitrary starting offsets, besides the control flow overhead, the offset
will need to be incremented using 32 ADD, adding at least 6 gas per word.
Copying non-exact words is more tricky, as for the last partial word, both the source and destination needs to be loaded,
masked, or'd, and stored again. This overhead is significant. One edge case is if the last "partial word" is a single byte,
it can be efficiently stored using MSTORE8.
As example use case, copying 256 bytes costs:
MLOAD/MSTORE instructionsAccording to an analysis of blocks 10537502 to 10538702, roughly 10.5% of memory copies would have had improved performance with the
availability of an MCOPY instruction.
Memory copying is used by languages like Solidity and Vyper, where we expect this improvement to provide efficient means of building
data structures, including efficient sliced access and copies of memory objects. Having a dedicated MCOPY instruction would also add
forward protection against future gas cost changes to CALL instructions in general.
Having a special MCOPY instruction makes the job of static analyzers and optimizers easier, since the effects of a CALL in general
have to be fenced, whereas an MCOPY instruction would be known to only have memory effects. Even if special cases are added
for precompiles, a future hard fork could change CALL effects, and so any analysis of code using the identity precompile would only
be valid for a certain range of blocks.
Finally, we expect memory copying to be immensely useful for various computationally heavy operations, such as EVM384, where it is identified as a significant overhead.
The instruction MCOPY is introduced at 0x5E.
| Stack | Value |
|---|---|
| top - 0 | dst |
| top - 1 | src |
| top - 2 | length |
This ordering matches the other copying instructions, i.e. CALLDATACOPY, RETURNDATACOPY.
Per yellow paper terminology, it should be considered part of the W_copy group of opcodes, and follow the gas calculation for W_copy in the yellow paper. While the calculation in the yellow paper should be considered the final word, for reference, as of time of this writing, that currently means its gas cost is:
This instruction returns no stack items.
It copies length bytes from the offset pointed at src to the offset pointed at dst in memory.
Copying takes place as if an intermediate buffer was used, allowing the destination and source to overlap.
If length > 0 and (src + length or dst + length) is beyond the current memory length, the memory is extended with respective gas cost applied.
The gas cost of this instruction mirrors that of other Wcopy instructions and is Gverylow + Gcopy * ceil(length / 32).
Production implementation of exact-word memory copying and partial-word memory copying can be found in the Solidity, Vyper and Fe compilers.
With EIP-2929 the call overhead using the identity precompile was reduced from 700 to 100 gas. This is still prohibitive for making the precompile a reasonable alternative again.
This EIP introduces a new instruction which did not exist previously. Already deployed contracts using this instruction could change their behaviour after this EIP.
MCOPY 0 32 32 - copy 32 bytes from offset 32 to offset 0.
pre (spaces included for readability):
post:
gas used: 6
MCOPY 0 0 32 - copy 32 bytes from offset 0 to offset 0.
pre:
post:
gas used: 6
MCOPY 0 1 8 - copy 8 bytes from offset 1 to offset 0 (overlapping).
pre (space at byte 8):
post:
gas used: 6
MCOPY 1 0 8 - copy 8 bytes from offset 0 to offset 1 (overlapping).
pre (space at byte 8):
post:
gas used: 6
A full suite of tests can be found in the execution spec tests: MCOPY suite.
Clients should take care that their implementation does not use an intermediate buffer (see for instance that the C stdlib memmove function does not use an intermediate buffer), as this is a potential Denial of Service (DoS) vector. Most language builtins / standard library functions for moving bytes have the correct performance characteristics here.
This aside, the analysis for Denial of Service (DoS) and memory exhaustion attacks is identical to other opcodes which touch memory, as the memory expansion follows the same pricing rules.
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